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18 April 2024

» arxiv » 1007.4370

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Variations in H2O+/H2O ratios toward massive star-forming regions
F. Wyrowski ; F. van der Tak ; F. Herpin ; A. Baudry ; S. Bontemps ; L. Chavarria ; W. Frieswijk ; T. Jacq ; M. Marseille ; R. Shipman ; E.F van Dishoeck ; A.O. Benz ; P. Caselli ; M.R. Hogerheijde ; D. Johnstone ; R. Liseau ; R. Bachiller ; M. Benedettini ; E. Bergin ; P. Bjerkeli ; G. Blake ; J. Braine ; S. Bruderer ; J. Cernicharo ; C. Codella ; F. Daniel ; A.M. di Giorgio ; C. Dominik ; S.D. Doty ; P. Encrenaz ; M. Fich ; A. Fuente ; T. Giannini ; J.R. Goicoechea ; Th. de Graauw ; F. Helmich ; G.J. Herczeg ; J.K. Jørgensen ; L.E. Kristensen ; B. Larsson ; D. Lis ; C. McCoey ; G. Melnick ; B. Nisini ; M. Olberg ; B. Parise ; J.C. Pearson ; R. Plume ; C. Risacher ; J. Santiago ; P. Saraceno ; M. Tafalla ; T.A. van Kempen ; R. Visser ; S. Wampfler ; U.A. Yıldız ; J.H. Black ; E. Falgarone ; M. Gerin ; P. Roelfsema ; P. Dieleman ; D. Beintema ; A. De Jonge ; N. Whyborn ; J. Stutzki ; V. Ossenkopf ;
Date:	26 Jul 2010
Abstract:	Early results from the Herschel Space Observatory revealed the water cation H2O+ to be an abundant ingredient of the interstellar medium. Here we present new observations of the H2O and H2O+ lines at 1113.3 and 1115.2 GHz using the Herschel Space Observatory toward a sample of high-mass star-forming regions to observationally study the relation between H2O and H2O+ . Nine out of ten sources show absorption from H2O+ in a range of environments: the molecular clumps surrounding the forming and newly formed massive stars, bright high-velocity outflows associated with the massive protostars, and unrelated low-density clouds along the line of sight. Column densities per velocity component of H2 O+ are found in the range of 10^12 to a few 10^13 cm-2 . The highest N(H2O+) column densities are found in the outflows of the sources. The ratios of H2O+/H2O are determined in a range from 0.01 to a few and are found to differ strongly between the observed environments with much lower ratios in the massive (proto)cluster envelopes (0.01-0.1) than in outflows and diffuse clouds. Remarkably, even for source components detected in H2O in emission, H2O+ is still seen in absorption.
Source:	arXiv, 1007.4370
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