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24 April 2024 |
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The Unprecedented Third Outburst of SN 2009ip: A Luminous Blue Variable Becomes a Supernova | | Jon C. Mauerhan
; Nathan Smith
; Alexei Filippenko
; Kyle Blanchard
; Peter Blanchard
; Chadwick F. E. Casper
; S. Bradley Cenko
; Kelsey I. Clubb
; Daniel Cohen
; Gary Li
; Jeffrey M. Silverman
; | | Date: |
27 Sep 2012 | | Abstract: | Some reports of supernova (SN) discoveries turn out not to be true
core-collapse explosions. One such case was SN 2009ip, which was recognized to
be a luminous blue variable (LBV) eruption. This source had a massive (50-80
Msun) hot progenitor star identified in pre-explosion data, it had documented
evidence of pre-outburst variability, and it was subsequently discovered to
have a 2nd outburst in 2010. This same source rebrightened again in 2012, and
early spectra showed the same narrow-line profiles as before, suggesting
another LBV-like eruption. We present new photometry and spectroscopy of SN
2009ip, indicating that its 3rd observed outburst in under 4 years appears to
have transitioned into a genuine SN. The most striking discovery in these data
is that unlike previous reports, the spectrum exhibited Balmer lines with very
broad P-Cygni profiles characteristic of normal Type II supernovae (SNe II), in
addition to narrow emission lines seen in SNe IIn and LBVs. Emission components
have FWHM 8000 km/s, while the P-Cygni absorption component has blue wings
extending to about -13,000 km/s. These features are typical of Type II SNe, but
have never been seen in a nonterminal LBV-like eruption. Initially, the peak
absolute magnitude of M_V sim -14.5 seemed fainter than that of normal SNe and
faded much more rapidly. However, the source quickly brightened again to
M_R=-17.6 mag, indicating that it is indeed consistent with a true SN. In this
bright phase, the broad lines mostly disappeared, and the spectrum became
dominated by broad-winged Lorentzian profiles of H-alpha and HeI that are
characteristic of the early optically thick phases of luminous SNe IIn. We
conclude that the most recent 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip is most likely a true
core-collapse SN IIn that was initially faint, but then rapidly achieved high
luminosities, as a result of interaction with circumstellar material
(abridged). | | Source: | arXiv, 1209.6320 | | Services: | Forum | Review | PDF | Favorites | |
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