This paper documents the sixteenth data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital
Sky Surveys; the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This
will be the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere Survey of the
Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data
from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data
release to contain data (spectra) from the main cosmological program of the
Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and
reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes the
last data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) and new data from
the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) programs, both of
which co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby
Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar
Library "MaStar"). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in
2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).
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