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18 April 2024 |
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Article overview
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Evidence for a Coronal Shock Wave Origin for Relativistic Protons Producing Solar Gamma-Rays and Observed by Neutron Monitors at Earth | | Athanasios Kouloumvakos
; Alexis P. Rouillard
; Gerald H. Share
; Illya Plotnikov
; Ronald Murphy
; Athanasios Papaioannou
; Yihong Wu
; | | Date: |
1 Apr 2020 | | Abstract: | We study the solar eruptive event on 2017 September 10 that produced
long-lasting $>$100 MeV $gamma$-ray emission and a ground level enhancement
(GLE72). The origin of the high-energy ions producing late-phase gamma-ray
emission (LPGRE) is still an open question, but a possible explanation is
proton acceleration at coronal shocks produced by coronal mass ejections. We
examine a common shock acceleration origin for both the LPGRE and GLE72. The
$gamma$-ray emission observed by the Fermi-Large Area Telescope exhibits a
weak impulsive phase, consistent with that observed in hard X-and $gamma$-ray
line flare emissions, and what appear to be two distinct stages of LPGRE. From
a detailed modeling of the shock wave, we derive the 3D distribution and
temporal evolution of the shock parameters, and we examine the shock wave
magnetic connection with the visible solar disk. The evolution of shock
parameters on field lines returning to the visible disk, mirrors the two stages
of LPGRE. We find good agreement between the time history of $>$100 MeV
$gamma$-rays and one produced by a basic shock acceleration model. The time
history of shock parameters magnetically mapped to Earth agrees with the rates
observed by the Fort Smith neutron monitor during the first hour of the GLE72
if we include a 30% contribution of flare-accelerated protons during the first
10 minutes, having a release time following the time history of nuclear
$gamma$-rays. Our analysis provides compelling evidence for a common shock
origin for protons producing the LPGRE and most of the particles observed in
GLE72. | | Source: | arXiv, 2004.0355 | | Services: | Forum | Review | PDF | Favorites | |
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